Analysis and Simulation of LoRaWAN LR-FHSS for Direct-to-Satellite Scenario

Long Range-Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (LR-FHSS) has been recently introduced into the LoRaWAN protocol specification to increase network capacity and collision robustness, enable direct connectivity between machine devices Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. In this letter, we first construct analytical simulation models for packet delivery over LR-FHSS from ground nodes a LEO satellite, then use developed analytic generate numerical results. Our results reveal potential feasibility of large-scale networks, demonstrate some trade-offs two new LR-FHSS-based data rates EU region, key reasons losses.